A consignment of tin plates was shipped for the plaintiff from New York in a ship belonging to the first defendant under a clean bill of lading, to be delivered at Cochin, India. At New York, the goods were shipped on the SS Ex Minister, but at Colombo they were transhipped to another ship, the SS Azumasan Maru. That ship arrived at Cochin on 1 September 1967 and left the port on 7 September 1967. But the goods were not delivered to the plaintiff. They had been mixed up with other goods and were not discovered for quite a long time. There was short delivery, and some of the plates were rusty and damaged. The available goods were given to the plaintiff on 9 May 1968. The suit was filed on 24 May 1969. Between 9 May 1969 and 23 May 1969, the Court was closed for summer vacation. The question for consideration was whether the suit was barred by limitation.

Held: Appeal allowed.

Art 3.6 in the Schedule to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925 provides:

In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after the delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.

The question is whether the carrier's liability stood discharged in view of art 3.6 of the Schedule. In this case, the claim is partly in respect of short delivery and partly in respect of the damage said to have been caused for the goods delivered. According to the plaintiff, the cause of action for the suit arose only when the goods were delivered, ie on 9 May 1968. But according to the defendants, the cause of action for the suit, at the latest, arose on 7 September 1967. If the plaintiff's contention is correct, the suit is within time, and if the contention of the defendants is correct, the suit is clearly barred by time and they are discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage. According to the plaintiff, its case comes within the expression 'within one year after the delivery of the goods' in art 3.6. But according to the defendants, the case falls within the expression 'one year after the date when the goods should have been delivered' in the same paragraph. The question is which of the two contentions is correct. The scope of art 3.6 in the Schedule to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925 came up for consideration before this Court in East & West Steamship Co v SK Ramalingam Chettiar. Dealing with the scope of the expression 'all liability in respect of loss or damage' in art 3.6, this Court observed :

It has to be noticed that before providing in the 6th paragraph an immunity to the carrier from 'all liability in respect of loss or damage' in certain circumstances the Legislature had in the earlier paragraphs laid on the carrier the duty of making the ships sea-worthy, properly manning, equipping and supplying the ship, and making the holds and all other parts of the ship fit and safe for the reception, carriage and preservation of the goods; properly and carefully loading, handling, stowing, carrying, keeping and [caring] for and discharging the goods carried and provided [t]hat ordinarily the bill of lading should show the quantity of weight of the goods or the number of packages or pieces. 'Loss or damage' which paragraph 6 speaks of should therefore reasonably be taken to have, reference to such loss or damage which may result from the carrier not performing some or all of the duties which had been mentioned earlier. One of those duties is to discharge the goods carried in accordance with the quantity or weight or the number of packages or pieces as mentioned in the bill of lading. The shipper and the consignee of goods are more concerned with the duty of the carrier to discharge the goods in proper order and condition and in full than anything else. Indeed the other duties cast on the carriers so far as the owners of the goods are concerned, are really incidental to this duty of discharging the goods in full and in good order and condition. When in the context of the previous paragraphs of Article 111 the 6th seeks to provide an immunity to the carrier 'from all liability in respect of loss or damage' after a certain time, it is reasonable to think that it is loss or damage to the owner of the goods, be he shipper or the consignee, which is also meant, in addition to the 'loss of the goods'. When the goods themselves are lost, e.g. by being jettisoned, or by being destroyed by fire or by theft, there will be failure to discharge the goods in full and loss to the owner of the goods will occur. Even where the goods are not lost the carrier may fail to discharge the goods in full or not in proper order and there also loss will occur to the owner of the goods. In such a case, even though there may not have been 'loss of the goods' the goods are lost to the owner. The word 'loss' as used in paragraph 6 is in our opinion intended to mean and include every kind of loss to the owner of the goods whether it is the whole of the consignment which is not delivered or part of the consignment which is not delivered and whether such non-delivery of the whole or part is due to the goods being totally lost or merely lost to the owner by such fact of non-delivery there is in our opinion 'loss' within the meaning of the word as used in paragraph 6.

Proceeding further, the Court observed:

When the object of this particular paragraph and the setting of this paragraph in the Article after the previous paragraphs are considered there remains no doubt whatsoever that the learned judges of the Bombay High Court were right in their conclusion that the loss or damage in this paragraph is a wide expression used by the legislature to include any loss or damage caused to shipper or consignee in respect of which he makes a grievance and in respect of which he claims compensation from the shipping company. ...

The date on which the goods should have been delivered clearly contemplates a case where the goods have not been delivered. The clause gives the owner of the goods one year's time to bring the suit - the year to be calculated from the date of the delivery of the goods where the goods have been delivered and from the date when the goods should have been delivered where all or some of the goods have not been delivered. ...

There is nothing however to justify the conclusion that the consignee is bound to avail himself of the right to claim as tenant in common. The breach of contract remains and the claim for compensation for such breach is in no way affected. Neither authority nor principle therefore supports the contention of the learned Solicitor General that where the goods are in existence but cannot be delivered because they have been mixed up with the cargo of other owners there has been no 'loss' within the meaning of the third clause of the 6th paragraph of Article III.

Dealing with the scope of the expression 'when the goods should have been delivered' in art 3.6, the Court observed:

But whether the delivery has to be made to the consignee at the ship's side or is made on the quay side there can be little doubt that the carrier's duty is to start the delivery of goods as soon as the ship arrives at the port of destination and to complete the delivery before the ship leaves the port. In a particular case the carrier may not do his duty. That cannot however alter the fact of the existence of his duty to complete the delivery between the arrival of the ship at the port and the departure of the ship from the port. If as regards any particular goods this duty remains unperformed at the time when the ship leaves the port there can be no escape from the conclusion that the point of time when the ship leaves the point is the latest point of time by which the goods should have been delivered. ...

But whether the delivery is to be made to the consignee or to anybody else on his behalf, the duty of the ship's master is to start the delivery as soon as possible after the ship's arrival at the port and to complete it before the date of departure from the port. Before the ship has actually left the port it is not possible to say that the time when delivery should be made has expired. Once however the vessel has left the port it cannot but be common ground between the carrier and the consignee that the time when delivery should have been made is over. It is this point of time viz., the time when the ship leaves the port, which in our opinion should be taken as the time when the delivery should have been made.

From the passages quoted above, it is clear that this Court came to the conclusion that if, by the time the ship leaves the port, the goods shipped or any part thereof have not been delivered, it will be a case of non-delivery of the goods on the date when the goods should have been delivered. This Court took the view that the last date for filing the suit for 'loss or damage' is one year from the date the ship Ieft the port. The cause of action for filing the suit for 'loss or damage' is one. Quite clearly, the claim in respect of short delivery is barred by time. If we are to accept the contention of the plaintiff that its claim in respect of the damage caused to the goods delivered to it arose only on the date when the goods were delivered to it, it means that the plaintiff had two causes of action under art 3.6, one relating to the loss and another relating to damage. From the language of the clause in question it is not possible to accept that contention. As observed by this Court, the time when the ship leaves the port should be taken as the time when the delivery should have been made. Any delivery which has not been made by the date comes within the mischief of art 3.6. We think that the question of law arising for decision in this case is covered by the ratio of the decision of this Court in East & West Steamship Co.